Quaternary Age
- Evolution of its crust shows four stages, 4th stage being Quaternary, which comprises of:
*Lived in rock-shelters
*Climate became comparatively warm
*Marked the appearance of new flint industries
*Men of modern types ( Homo-sapiens)
*These served as shelters for Paleolithic age man for more than 1 lakh years.
*This is the most exclusive Paleolithic site in India which contains the rock carvings and paintings.
*These paintings belong to the Paleolithic, Mesolithic ages, Chalcolithic, earlyhistoric and even medieval times.
*Pottery 1st appeared in this phase → Black burnished ware + Course Grey ware pottery for cooking
*Important Places : Gufkral ( Cave of Potters) & Burzahom ( Place of Birch)
*Knowledge of Irrigation & Harvesting
*Excavation reveals structures like Granaries, Embankment & Fortification
*Mud houses made of mud in circular & rectangular pattern along with mud chulha
Wait wait buddy there is an PDF of Ancient Indian history by Poonam Dalal Dahiya ma'am
UPSC CSE
Complete Syllabus
Civil Services Exam (IAS Exam), the most coveted exam of
all, is conducted by UPSC every year to recruit candidates to various services
& posts in the Government of India. It is a two stage exam consisting of:
The first stage of the exam i.e., the Civil Services
Preliminary Exam is only a screening test and is conducted to shortlist
candidates for the Main Examination. Marks secured in Preliminary Exam are not
taken into account while preparing the final merit.
Preliminary Exam consists of two papers of objective type
carrying a maximum of 400 marks.
No. of Papers 2
compulsory papers
Type of Questions Objective
(MCQ) type
Total Maximum Marks 400
(200 each paper)
Duration of Exam 2
hrs. each (20 minutes per hour extra time for blind candidates & candidate
with Locomotor Disability & Cerebral Palsy [minimum 40% impairment])
Negative Marking 1/3rd
of the marks assigned to a question
Medium of Exam Bilingual
(Hindi & English)
1. General Studies Paper-I Syllabus
It has 100 questions broadly covering the following topics
carrying a maximum of 200 marks to be solved in 2 hours.
Current events of National & International importance.
History of India & Indian National Movement.
Indian & World Geography – Physical, Social, Economic
Geography of India & the World.
Indian Polity & Governance – Constitution, Political
System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Economic & Social Development – Sustainable Development,
Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity &
climate change – that do not require subject specialization.
General Science.
2. General Studies Paper-II Syllabus
It comprises of 80 questions from the following topics
carrying a maximum of 200 marks to be solved in 2 hours.
Comprehension.
Interpersonal skills including communication skills.
Logical reasoning & analytical ability.
Decision making & problem solving.
General mental ability.
Basic numeracy (numbers & their relations, orders of
magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables,
data sufficiency, etc. – Class X level)
General Studies Paper-II of IAS Exam is a qualifying paper
with minimum qualifying marks fixed at 33%.
It is mandatory for a candidate to appear in both the Papers
of IAS Prelim Exam for the purpose of evaluation.
UPSC IAS Main Exam Pattern & Syllabus
Civil Services Main Examination consists of written examination
and interview (personality test).
Civil Services Main Examination consists of following papers
divided into 2 categories – qualifying & papers to be counted for merit.
Qualifying Papers
Marks
Paper-A One
of the Indian Language to be selected by the candidate from the Languages
included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution 300
Paper-B English 300
Papers to be Counted for Merit
Paper-I Essay 250
Paper-II General
Studies-I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and
Society) 250
Paper-III General
Studies-II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International
relations) 250
Paper-IV Genera
Studies-III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment,
Security and Disaster Management) 250
Paper-V General
Studies-IV (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude) 250
Paper-VI Optional
Subject – Paper 1 250
Paper-VII Optional
Subject – Paper 2 250
Sub Total (Written Test)
1750
Personality Test
275
Grand Total 2025
Important Points:
1. The papers on Indian languages and English (Paper A and
paper B) will be of qualifying nature and the marks obtained in these papers
will not be counted for ranking.
2. The papers on Indian languages and English (Paper A and
paper B) will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard.
3. The papers on Essay, General Studies and Optional Subject
of only such candidates will be taken cognizance who attain 25% marks in
‘Indian Language’ and 25% in ‘English’ as minimum qualifying standards in these
qualifying papers.
4. Marks obtained by the candidates for the Paper I-VII only
will be counted for merit ranking.
5. The question papers for the main examination will be of
conventional (essay) type and each paper will be of 3 hour duration.
6. Candidates will have the option to answer all the
question papers, except the Qualifying Language Papers, Paper-A and Paper-B, in
any one of the languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of
India or in English.
7. The question papers (other than the literature of
language papers) will be set in Hindi and English only.
8. Compensatory time of twenty minutes per hour shall be
permitted for the Blind candidates and the candidates with locomotor disability
and cerebral palsy where dominant (writing) extremity is affected to the extent
of slowing the performance of function (minimum of 40% impairment) in both the
Civil Services (Preliminary) as well as in the Civil Services (Main) Examination.
Syllabus of UPSC Main Examination Papers
I. Qualifying Papers on Indian Languages and English
The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows:
English Language:
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(ii) Precis Writing.
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.
(iv) Short Essays.
Indian Languages:
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(ii) Precis Writing.
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.
(iv) Short Essays.
(v) Translation from English to the Indian Language and
vice-versa.
II. Paper-I: Essay
Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple
topics.
They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the
essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely.
Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.
III. Paper-II: General Studies-I
Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the
World and Society.
(i) Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art
Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
(ii) Modern Indian history from about the middle of the
eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities,
issues.
(iii) The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and
important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
(iv) Post-independence consolidation and reorganization
within the country.
(v) History of the world will include events from 18th
century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries,
colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism,
capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.
(vi) Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
(vii) Role of women and women’s organization, population and
associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their
problems and their remedies.
(viii) Effects of globalization on Indian society.
(ix) Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism &
secularism.
(x) Salient features of world’s physical geography.
(xi) Distribution of key natural resources across the world
(including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for
the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various
parts of the world (including India).
(xii) Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes,
Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their
location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and
ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
IV. Paper-III: General Studies-II
Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and
International relations.
(i) Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution,
features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
(ii) Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution
of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
(iii) Separation of powers between various organs dispute
redressal mechanisms and institutions.
(iv) Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with
that of other countries.
(v) Parliament and State legislatures—structure,
functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out
of these.
(vi) Structure, organization and functioning of the
Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government;
pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
(vii) Salient features of the Representation of People’s
Act.
(viii) Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers,
functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
(ix) Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial
bodies.
(x) Government policies and interventions for development in
various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
(xi) Development processes and the development industry —the
role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities,
institutional and other stakeholders.
(xii) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the
population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes;
mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and
betterment of these vulnerable sections.
(xiii) Issues relating to development and management of
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
(xiv) Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
(xv) Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and
potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and
institutional and other measures.
(xvi) Role of civil services in a democracy.
(xvii) India and its neighborhood- relations.
(xviii) Bilateral, regional and global groupings and
agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
(xix) Effect of policies and politics of developed and
developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
(xx) Important International institutions, agencies and fora
- their structure, mandate.
V. Paper-IV: General Studies-III
Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity,
Environment, Security and Disaster Management
(i) Indian Economy and issues relating to planning,
mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
(ii) Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
(iii) Government Budgeting.
(iv) Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the
country, - different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage,
transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related
constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
(v) Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and
minimum support prices; Public Distribution System-objectives, functioning,
limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology
missions; economics of animal-rearing.
(vi) Food processing and related industries in India- scope’
and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain
management.
(vii) Land reforms in India.
(viii) Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
(ix) Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports,
Railways etc.
(x) Investment models.
(xi) Science and Technology- developments and their
applications and effects in everyday life.
(xii) Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
(xiii) Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers,
robotics, Nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual
property rights.
(xiv) Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation,
environmental impact assessment.
(xv) Disaster and disaster management.
(xvi) Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
(xvii) Role of external state and non-state actors in
creating challenges to internal security.
(xviii) Challenges to internal security through
communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal
security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its
prevention.
(xix) Security challenges and their management in border
areas - linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
(xx) Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.
VI. Paper-V: General Studies-IV
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’
attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life
and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him
in dealing with society.
Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine
these aspects.
The following broad areas will be covered:
(i) Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and
consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics - in
private and public relationships. Human Values - lessons from the lives and
teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family
society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
(ii) Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence
and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social
influence and persuasion.
(iii) Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service,
integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public
service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
(iv) Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities
and application in administration and governance.
(v) Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from
India and world.
(vi) Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public
administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in
government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance;
strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in
international relations and funding; corporate governance.
(vii) Probity in Governance: Concept of public service;
Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and
transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of
Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery,
Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
(viii) Case Studies on above issues.
VII. Paper – VI & VII
Optional Subject Papers I & II.
A candidate may opt for any one Optional Subject from the
following:
(i) Agriculture
(ii) Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
(iii) Anthropology
(iv) Botany
(v) Chemistry
(vi) Civil Engineering
(vii) Commerce and Accountancy
(viii) Economics
(ix) Electrical Engineering
(x) Geography
(xi) Geology
(xii) History
(xiii) Law
(xiv) Management
(xv) Mathematics
(xvi) Mechanical Engineering
(xvii) Medical Science
(xviii) Philosophy
(xix) Physics
(xx) Political Science and International Relations
(xxi) Psychology
(xxii) Public Administration
(xxiii) Sociology
(xxiv) Statistics
(xxv) Zoology
(xxvi) Literature of any one of the following languages:
Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani,
Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit,
Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and English.
Each Optional Subject has 2 compulsory papers.
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